Part 1 Principles
1. Fluorescence microscope
2. Filterset in FL-Mic
3. How concocal differs?
4
. What is confocal?
5. Resolution in confocal
6. Optical sectioning
7. Confocal image formation
    and time resolution
8. SNR in confocal
9. Variations of confocal
      microscope

10. Special features from
     Leica sp2 confocal

Part 2 Application
1. Introduction
2. Tomographic view
    (Microscopical CT)

3. Three-D reconstruction
4. Thick specimen
5. Physiological study
6.
Fluorescence detecting
       General consideration
      
Multi-channel detecting
       Background  correction
       Cross-talk correction
            Cross excitation
            Cross emission
            Unwanted FRET


Part 3 Operation and
             Optimization

 1. Getting started
 2. Settings in detail
 
     Laser line selection
      Laser intensity and 
         AOTF control

      Beam splitter
      PMT gain and offset 
      Scan speed
      Scan format, Zoom
        and Resolution

     Frame average, and
         Frame accumulation
     Pinhole and Z-resolution
     Emission collecting rang
        and Sequential scan


When Do you need confocal?
FAQ
Are you abusing confocal?

Confocal Microscopy tutorial

Part 3 operation, optimization of Leica SP2 LSCM

Table 1. Fluorophore Spectral data and corresponding laser for Excitation (PDF file)

Fluorophore Ex peak  Percent Peak value for individual laser1  Em peak
  Peak (20% range)2 458 476 488 514 568 633 Peak (20% range)2
SYTOX blue 445 (405-464) 48,9 1,9 0 0 0 0 470 (450-527)
BoBo-1 461 (410-486) 97,1 49 17,9 8 0 0 484 (465-555)
PI 538 (450-590) 24,59 40,73 54,88 88,59 61,59 8,05 603 (576-668)
                 
FITC 495 (450-517) 35,3 56,4 88 28,7 0 0 519 (497-575)
Alexa 488 499 (457-522) 21,93 45,45 75,18 49,37 0 0 520 (497-572)
Oregon Green 513 (466-533) 12,47 33,63 41,78 99,38 0 0 533 (511-587)
                 
TRITC / TMRho 552 (500-577) 2,21 5,8 10,47 33,19 51,77 0 578 (552-640)
Alexa 568 577 (519-600) 1,24 2,72 5,42 15 85,53 0 603 (576-668)
Texas Red 595 (537-623) 0 0 0,64 5,78 35,32 7,06 613 (590-674)
                 
Cy5 648 (583-673) 0 0 0 0 10 63 665 (642-700)
Alexa 610-R-PE 567 (470-584) 12,31 28,51 51,97 46,95 99,16 4,94 627 (580-665)
Alexa 647-R-PE 568 (470-674) 10,26 26,29 48,65 45,72 100 29,03 666 (641-700)
                 
Alexa 660 663 (538-700) 2,55 4 5,74 11,41 35,68 71,07 691 (660-730)
Alexa 680 679 (580-716) 1,3 1,57 1,95 3,51 15,58 55,82 702 (672-740)
                 
ECFP 430 (380*-477) 68 21 8 0 0 0 474 (450-550)
EGFP 494 (420-518) 57 80 96 36 0 0 510 (490*-564)
EYFP 520 (475-531*) 8 23 35 95 0 0 535 (513-590)
DsRed 553 (457-577) 21 36 40 64 58 0 585 (558-653)

Note:
 1. The percentage in table 1 should not be used as the setting for AOTF percentage (as more than one user asked). They speak totally different things. value in table 1 indicate the percent of fluorophore excited under one laser line. AOTF percentage means the percent of light from laser source delivered to the specimen. Maybe, the low value in table 1 implies you have to use high AOTF percentage and vice versa.
2. The range in parenthesis indicates the 20% boundary on both side, at that wavelength, the intensity drop to 20% of its peak value. Value with * means until there, it has not dropped below 20%, further data is not available.

Special attention at choosing fluorophores for this SP2 confocal microscope setup:
1. For green excitation, due to the Krypton  568 nm line used in stead of the traditional HeNe 546 nm line, Alexa 568 is more suitable than TRITC for this laser: 81.53% vs.51.77%.
2. For Red excitation, Texas Red is not a good choice because we do not have HeNe 590 nm line, Kr 568 excites it only 35% while HeNe 633 excites it at a negligible level. Of course, 35% can still be regarded as effective excitation.

Both TRITC and Texas Red can still be used here, but for best results, if there is no special reason for you to stick on them, please avoid them when you prepare specimen for this confocal microscope.

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This page was last updated 23.03.2004